Gang activity editorial Essays - Crime, Criminology, Gang

Gang activity editorial Essays - Crime, Criminology, Gang Today, there is a great concern about gang activity and youth violence. Every day, we can open a newspaper or turn on the evening news and see that another child or victim was killed in gang or youth related violence. Teenage crime and violence has existed for many years. Many people have become more aware of the violence committed by today's youth because of the media coverage of the viciousness of these crimes. The public is also aware of the new breed of criminal. Juvenile gangs have existed for many years. In the past, gang members fought with fists, brass knuckles and sticks. Today's gangs have better weapons, including sophisticated automatic weapons and they are prepared to use these weapons. The gangs usually come from the poorer areas of the inner cities, which was the case for even the earliest known gangs. Gangs and youth violence has always existed, but the increased interest and concern in their activities has emerged because of the increasing violence and death toll on our youth. New York City was the first city to have serious problems with gang- related activity because it was the first stop for many new immigrants entering the United States. Search of a better way of life immigrants created gangs. Even back then people joined gangs to feel a sense of safety even though it was the total opposite. Gangs attacked people who ventured into their neighborhood and attacked, robbed or pick-pocketed them and more risking their life every time. After immigrants entered the United States more youth gangs were formed. The poorer neighborhoods have became a breeding ground for these gangs. . In the 1920's there was a decrease in gang activity. Many factors contributed to the decrease in gang activity, but the main reasons were the police put many gang leaders in prison, immigration started to slow down, and opportunities for better jobs allowed recent immigrants to move out of the slums to better neighborhoods. Today, we see an increase in gang activity. Some of these gangs are still running. we are seeing violence by large groups of teenagers that have joined together, sometimes not even knowing each other and a kind of mob psychology takes over, where there is sometimes a frenzy of violence. In 1989, a sixteen year old black youth was beaten by a gang with bats in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, when he went to purchase a car. In 1986, Howard Beach, Queens, eleven white youths beat and yelled racial epithets at two black men that had entered their neighborhood. One black was beaten by the group and the other was chased onto a highway were he was struck and killed. My point is gangs are very much alive and they will do anything to get what they were taught across. One big reason why these youths get caught up in this loop is to receive a sense of power but there are other ways then joining a gang.

Atomic Mass From Atomic Abundance Chemistry Problem

Atomic Mass From Atomic Abundance Chemistry Problem You may have noticed the atomic mass of an element isnt the same as the sum of the protons and neutrons of a single atom. This is because elements exist as multiple isotopes. While each atom of an element has the same number of protons, it can have a variable number of neutrons. The atomic mass on the periodic table is a weighted average of the atomic masses of atoms observed in all samples of that element. You can use the atomic abundance to calculate the atomic mass of any element sample if you know the percentage of each isotope. Atomic Abundance Example Chemistry Problem The element boron consists of two isotopes, 105B and 115B. Their masses, based on the carbon scale, are 10.01 and 11.01, respectively. The abundance of 105B is 20.0% and the abundance of 115B is 80.0%. What is the atomic mass of boron? Solution: The percentages of multiple isotopes must add up to 100%. Apply the following equation to the problem: atomic mass (atomic mass X1) Â · (% of X1)/100 (atomic mass X2) Â · (% of X2)/100 ...where X is an isotope of the element and % of X is the abundance of the isotope X. Substitute the values for boron in this equation: atomic mass of B (atomic mass of 105B Â · % of 105B/100) (atomic mass of 115B Â · % of 115B/100)atomic mass of B (10.01Â · 20.0/100) (11.01Â · 80.0/100)atomic mass of B 2.00 8.81atomic mass of B 10.81 Answer: The atomic mass of boron is 10.81. Note that this is the value listed in the periodic table for the atomic mass of boron. Although the atomic number of boron is 10, its atomic mass is nearer to 11 than to 10, reflecting the fact that the heavier isotope is more abundant than the lighter isotope. Why Arent Electrons Included? The number and mass of electrons is not included in an atomic mass calculation because the mass of the electron is infinitesimal compared to that of a proton or neutron. Basically, electrons dont significantly affect the mass of an atom.

Principles of Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Principles of Economics - Assignment Example This is because one will take more time looking for a parking space and the congestion in the parking area will create inconveniences. The opportunity cost is the cost of time taken to park that the students have to pay instead of engaging in other profitable activities. d) The opportunity cost of students with no employment is less than that of students with jobs earning 15 per hour. The students with no jobs are not forgoing any money as they take more time to park their cars as compared to before the price was lowered. To the contrary, those with jobs have to forgo the amount of cash they would have received if they worked those hours. b) The opportunity cost of 100 bats is 40 rackets that will be forgone if the country decides to add 100 bats more. Adding 100 bats will incorporate the resources that are usually used to produce the 40 rackets. The current resources can not be able to cater for the addition of 100 bats without decreasing the amount of rackets. Therefore, the rackets have to be produced less by 40. c) If the athletic country produces 300 bats and 300 rackets, the opportunity cost of additional 100 bats is 100 rackets. This is what is sacrificed to be able to produce the extra 100 bats. The resources will be reallocated to be used to produce the additional 100 bats. The resources have to be reallocated since they cannot cater for the additional bats. d) The additional production of 100 bats in part c will cause a greater trade off than the additional production of 100 bats in part b. This is because the opportunity cost increases as the goods produced increases. In b, 200 bats will be produced, while in c 400 bats will be produced. The gradient of the PPF becomes steeper as more bats are produced, showing a greater sacrifice in terms of rackets forgone. e) Suppose Athletic Country produces 200 bats and 200 rackets, 200

Legalization of marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Legalization of marijuana - Essay Example Despite the whole debate surrounding support for legalizing it, criticism over the effects or consequences emanating from its use has also been critical in the decision making process. In this regard, the decision of whether to legalize marijuana or not highly depends on the measure of whether there are more advantages or disadvantages of legalizing it. Earleywine (67) argued that although marijuana has medicinal value attached to it, many things have to be put into consideration when making the decision of whether to legalize it or not. Political, social economic and health issues are some of the facets to be considered when making the decision. In light of this, there are different tenets that have to be articulated upon to come up with sound decision. If marijuana is to be legalized, it translates to economic advantage to people that will be farming and retailing it. This is a great accomplishment as it translates to improved lives of the people to be involved in the business. In fact, the government will also have the opportunity of generating revenue from the tax collected from the marijuana business. People involved in the marijuana business will be better placed in taking care of their basic needs and other requirements such as their health, education as well as different development initiatives. In addition, if marijuana will be successfully legalized, the health sector will have a boost in terms of getting medicinal value from marijuana. In fact, health facilities will economically benefit from the drug especially from the money obtained from the sale of prescription marijuana. If marijuana is legalized, there will be a need to conduct extensive medicinal research to come up with appropriate prescription drugs from marijuana. Thus, many people involved in the research will equally benefit since this will act as a form of employment to them. On the other hand, people

Old Man and The Sea :: essays papers

Old Man and The Sea In the novel The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway uses the literary device of metaphors. Hemingway uses the metaphor of the ocean to symbolize life and to depict the role that individuals play in life. Hemingway uses the metaphor of the lions to signify people who live their lives as active participants. The tourists in the novel represent the individuals, who in observe their lives and are not active participants. In the novels that Ernest Hemingway writes, he uses metaphors to reflect his life experiences and opinions. The ocean in The Old Man and the Sea is a metaphor, which represents Hemingway's personel view of life. Hemingway believes that in life everyone must find their own niche and uses the metaphor of the ocean and the boats on it to demonstrate this. ...most of the boats were silent except for the dip of the oars. They spread apart after they were out of the mouth of the harbour and each one headed for the part of the ocean where he hoped to find fish. The old man knew he was going far out...1(page 22) Hemingway feels that in life there are people who participate in life and people who observe life as it passes just like on the ocean where there are boats that do not test their boundaries. The boats are the people in life, and most of the boats are silent. They paddle within the areas they know to be safe and always are cautious not to upset the life that they have established for themselves. Hemingway is explaining that most people don't raise a commotion, they just allow life to happen to them. The old man is testing his limits, he is challenging the ocean, and rowing where he wants to go not where the ocean wants to take him. Hemingway believes that in life, the farther person stays from the observers, the more free and exhilarated they will be. If there is a hurricane, you always see the signs of it in the sky for days ahead, if you are at sea. They do not see it ashore because they do not know what to look for, he thought. The land must make a difference too, in the shape of the clouds. But we have no hurricane coming now.2(page 51) Hemingway theorizes that in life there are going to be unexpected collisions. Just as the sea creates storms life creates storms. Those who live life to the fullest will be the least affected by these storms because they have the strength and the knowledge to handle them, but the observers or those on land will be destroyed because they do not have the power to handle the destruction that the storms will cause.

Marketing Introduction and Limatations Essay

Introduction In my assignment I will be writing about Two large business agency, Marks and Spencer’s, and British Heart foundation where I will explain about the different marketing techniques and strategies they use to undertake to promote their products and services. How they Brand their company and about relationship marketing. Marks& Spencer’s Marks and Spencer are a big franchise employing up to 78,000 employees worldwide but mostly in the UK. Marks and Spencer’s are one of UK’s leading retailers with annual sales of  £8 billion. They operate more than 450 stores in 30 countries, and serve tens of millions of customers every week. Marks and Spencer’s are only as strong as the communities in which they trade. They aim to please their customers and market in an easy and understandable manner. Marks and Spencer’s promote over thousands of products, from food to clothing, each product marketed in a different fashion. Marks and Spencer’s have used many strategies to survive the recession. Them being Growth, Branding, Survival and Relationship marketing. Survival Strategies They started by cutting jobs and closing stores. In January 2009 Marks & Spencer’s were planning to close 25 small simply food stores one being Croydon Valley retail store. They cut 780 jobs and 450 head office jobs. Sales plummeted in the 13 weeks leading up to December 27 2008, they fell by 7.1 %.Total sales fell 3.4 % in the UK. Other strategies they used to regain money were Pension cuts, Even though Marks and Spencer’s overall sales fell by 1.2% there was an international sales increase and online retail increase. The retailer made pension cuts to save the company  £175m –  £200million per annum. Chairman of Marks and Spencer’s Vandavelde (2009) gave a key speech on the recovery plan. â€Å"The previous plan was like feeding a tree that was already overgrown and unhealthy. What it really needed was serious pruning back. It had unproductive limbs that were hampering its growth and a lot of its best characteristics were lost in the foliage.† This is regarding the cuts that were being made. A strategy used by M&S is SWOT. SWOT is a method for analysing a business, its resources, and its environment. Marks and Spencer’s used the SWOT method for their food products. SWOT helped them discover: What the business does better than the competition. What competitors do better than the business? Whether the business is making the most of the opportunities available. How a business should respond to changes in its external environment. By using this method and braking down each sector they were able to research if there products would sell, and their competitors such as big organisations like Tesco would affect their up sales. Another strategy which Marks and Spencer’s use is known all the Boston Matrix. The main value for them using this is because it’s a useful tool for analysing product portfolio decisions. Constraints on survival strategies are the financial situation, resources and material. Cash flow is a common constraint to the sales systems. The financial constraint is usually internal. A resource constraint is also an internal limitation. Machinery, power and skills are some resources with constraints. Moving too slowly to get products to where they need to be is a internal constraint. Material is also a constrain due to where we are buying it from, are we paying for quality and receiving a product of quality or are we not spending enough to make sure our products are efficiently made? This is a external constraint. Relationship Marketing Relationship marketing has continued to evolve and move forward as technology opens more communication channels. This includes tools for managing relationships with customers which goes beyond simple customer services. They identify six markets which are connected to relationship marketing. They are: internal markets, supplier markets, recruitment markets, referral markets, influence markets, and customer markets. Relationship marketing is designed to develop strong connections with customers by providing them with information directly suited to their needs and interests and by promoting open communication. This approach is there for results in increased word of mouth activity. Marks and Spencer have created customer loyalty by launching different campaigns promoting different products which connect with each customer. They’ve launched fashion campaigns, food campaigns and an online clothes shop. Marks and Spencer’s have now become partners with Tesco for Fair Trade campaigns; they now have a range of electrical appliances on sale to comply with what their customers want. Marks and Spencer’s customers want to be able to rely on them to succeed and meet their needs as individual customers rather than a group. While Marks and Spencer’s have created a relationship with their buyers and are constantly researching too find out what their customers want more or less of, there are also constraints and limitations with doing so. A market constraint is external. Marks and Spencer’s competitors are always changing strategies and competing in new and better ways to try and come out on top. A question which is asked within big businesses such as M&S is, is the market demand for our products decreasing? This is an external constraint, if there’s no longer a demand for the product then their profit margin decreases. A decrease in sales = decreased profit. Benchmarking is a strategy that is used by M&S for marketing this involves looking outside the box to examine how other organisations are achieving their performance levels and to understand the processes they are using to be successful. In this way benchmarking helps explain the processes behind excellent performances. Although this strategy helps M&S stay ahead it can also bring them down as changing your outlook and ideas can be a constraint, Managing change is a common constraint. Markets are dynamic and always changing. Organisations work to stay ahead of markets and their leading competitiors. Knowledge could be an internal constraint to success, this could become critical if survival is at stake. Growth Strategies Marks and Spencer uses the Mckinsey Growth Matrix, to expand and grow their business. Instead of trying to find out how other business have grown, the Matrix strategy argues to grow on your own strengths. They have developed there growth strategies based on : Operational skills, Privileged assets, Growth skills and Special relationships. By growing based on these strategies M&S have been able to keep their customer loyalty but also have been able to increase their products and launch new promotions to engage new customers, by using different approaches they have a better change to widen their customer satisfaction. Some of these products can be sold to existing customers who may trust the business (and its brands) to deliver but new customers may need more persuasion. Even though M&S base their growth on their on development they do analyze their competitors. They use recorded dare, opportunistic date and observable date. * Recorded data: examples include competitor annual reports and product brochures. * Observable data: good example is competitor pricing. * Opportunistic data: to get hold of this kind of data requires a lot of planning and organisation. Marks and Spencer’s have grown as a company by producing a wide range of products, by up selling and engaging in customer loyalty. Strategies that have been used are the foundation of growing. They have focused their marketing and sales on a specific target market this has improved effectiveness and speed the learning process. Unfortunately a common constraint could be an unresponsive market. Marks and Spencer’s campaigns have reeled in more customers but buyer Motivation is a must in all businesses, companies can often fail to provide incentives to motivate their buyers to purchase. A constraint which can be avoided is the follow up after sale. Once a product has been bought research should be conducted to find feedback on that product and if theirs a chance of growth from that product. Branding The brand of a product is very important when making your decision weather to buy something. People buy branded names due to loyalty. Either they no the quality is good or the product is always going to taste good. For example; going to Tesco and having the choice to buy, 23p Tesco value beans or 63p Heinz beans. Just because it’s not a named brand doesn’t mean the quality isn’t as good, there’s just no risk. Trust is the most critical component in building and maintaining a strong, emotionally driven brand. Strategies used to introduce their brand to the public is media. By promoting their brands its then known by existing and new customers. Many businesses such as M*&S use celebrities in their campaigns this is to engage the buyers and also make them aware that a celebrity likes the brand. Limitations Legal constraints: Marks and Spencer may be constrained by a variety of licensure and other regulatory requirements, based on the industry and activities the business wants to pursue. For example M&S sell alcohol so they will need to have a alcohol license before they are permitted to sell any alcohol. Sales of goods act 1979, This act requires trader to sell goods that are described and are satisfactory. Marks and Spencer’s sell products to members there for the information stated should be accurate and not misleading. For example : selling food which states that there’s only 130 calories in it but really there 600. This is illegal. Voluntary Constraint This is where a company voluntary state that they won’t do something, or they always will. For example: Marks and Spencer’s have joined forces with Tesco to sell Fair trade products, and they are also recycling old clothes to Oxfam. These things do not have to be done but yet they do they do them anyway to give them a better reputation with the public. Pressure Pressure groups can be extremely effective in changing organisational behaviour.

MSDS - Definition of Chemistry Terms

MSDS Definition: MSDS is an acronym for Material Safety Data Sheet.A MSDS is a written document that outlines information and procedures for handling and working with chemicals.Current MSDS documents contain physical and chemical property information, potential hazard information, emergency procedures, and manufacturer contact information. Also Known As: Material Safety Data Sheet